Nanobiotechnology is certainly the most complex sub-area of nanotechnology, because it simultaneously involves very distant scientific disciplines such as physics and clinical research, biology and mathematics, or engineering and immunology.The project has examined the state of the art and future requirements of the nanobiotechnology capacity in Europe with regard to infrastructure needs, communication management, education and training, and the political and social environment. The results have corroborated the concept of a distributed infrastructure and substantiated the ideal conditions for efficient communication, education and technology transfer in nanobiotechnology. Recommendations included in this report provide a realistic conceptual framework and a tool box to structure the European capacity in nanobiotechnology.