This paper surveys the implementation and effects of CCTs programmes in several Latin American countries. It shows that CCTs increase school attendance and other education indicators, improve access to health and medical care, reduce poverty in the short-term, and are being effective in targeting those most in need. Nevertheless, there are limitations, such as a limited effect on education quality and nutrition outcomes. This study is important because it not only focuses on successes, but emphasises CCTs’ potential limitations, and makes an interesting call for CCTs to be combined with other social programmes, all which will be useful to understand for those considering implementing CCTs in other contexts.