Abstract: 'While human smuggling and human trafficking are two distinct phenomena, they can be closely linked with each other. Many trafficked persons, men as well as women, begin their journey as smuggled migrants but end up exploited and trafficked. In a classic migrant-smuggling situation, the relationship between migrant and smuggler is voluntary and ends upon the migrant’s arrival in the destination country. Any intent on the side of the smuggler to turn a migrant into a trafficked person often will not manifest itself until after the ‘movement’ phase is over. This phenomenon was understood and acknowledged by the researchers in this study. Nevertheless, no evidence was found to suggest this happened to male migrants moving south from the Horn and East Africa. Again, there was no evidence that men from Ethiopia, Somalia or Kenya were exploited upon arrival at their destination or that the original intention of the smugglers was to eventually exploit them.'