This report begins with a broad overview of the status of and trends in air pollution sources, emissions, concentrations, and exposures in the developing countries of Asia, as well as factors related to urban development, population health, and public policy that set the context for the health effects of air pollution. Next, the review describes the current scope of the Asian literature on the health effects of outdoor air pollution, enumerating and classifying more than 400 studies identified through 2007 via HEI’s Web-based Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia — Science Access on the Net (PAPA–SAN) literature survey (HEI 2006). In addition, a systematic and quantitative assessment (conducted using St, George’s Air Pollution Epidemiology Database [APED]) of 82 time-series studies that estimate the effect of short-term exposure to air pollution on daily mortality and hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory disease.