Biofuels provide only around 2% of total transport fuel today, but new technologies offer considerable potential for growth over the coming decades. This roadmap envisions that by 2050, 32 exajoules of biofuels will be used globally, providing 27% of world transport fuel. This roadmap identifies technology goals and defines key actions that stakeholders must undertake to expand biofuel production and use sustainably. It provides additional focus and urgency to international discussions about the importance of biofuels to a low CO2 future.