This report provides an overview of the published scientific literature relating to the contribution of traditional/indigenous knowledge to our understanding of global climate change: observations, impacts and opportunities for adaptation. Issues addressed include: (i) indigenous knowledge as a foundation for decision-making; (ii) indigenous knowledge, vulnerability and resilience; (iii) traditional livelihoods; (iv) adaptation policy and planning; (v) the Americas: regional report; (vi) Arctic/Northern Polar regions: regional report; and (vii) small islands: regional report.